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German guns |
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Austria guns |
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Belgian guns |
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Great Britain guns |
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French guns |
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Italian guns |
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Romanian guns |
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Russian guns |
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Serbian guns |
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Turkish guns |
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USA guns |
Note : Some arbitrary conventions have been adopted building this database
Germany
392 records :
In 1914, the German Empire is one of the very first industrial powers. It has a powerful, modern and creative weapon industry, whose two leaders are Krupp and Rheinmetall. The German headquarter, prepairing war plans for a long time, knows its Armies will have both to excel rapid movement manoeuvres and to destroy or silence the numerous fortified positions built by their ennemies. Equally willing to learn from preceeding wars experiences (Including the Germano-French 1870 war, The Boer wars. the Russo-Japanese war, etc...), the IInd Reich specialists order a complete range of artillery to the private industries. This powerful and varied arsenal will prove efficient and superior to all its adversaries in the beginning of the war.
As soon as August 1914, the light artillery ('FeldArtilleie' - Field Artillery) integrate both a modern 77mm fieldgun and good 10cm light howitzers (missed by their ennemies for the entrenchments destruction). The German heavy artillery ('FussArtillerie' - Foot Artillery) yet owned powerful long range heavy guns (including the impressive 13cm), numerous heavy howitzers, some hyper-heavy mortars (up to 42cm caliber), and trench mortars units.
However, just like all the fighting countries, Germany had to find a solution to the guns heavy losses and the long development time of new guns by improvising some heavy artillery based on existing Navy tubes, as well as trench mortars from various origins and design. An ambitious modernisation program gave birth in 1916 to numerous equipments even more performant, based on the war experiences and learnings.
The German Industry, particularly Krupp, was also very active on the exportation market and provided numerous artillery to future fighting countries, allied or ennemies, including Russia, USA, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy and Turkey. Much of that powerful artillery was destroyed after the war as per the Versailles Treaty, but a small amount of the WW1 guns were still in service durin the inter-war years. This obliged the IIIrd Reich to develop new modern guns, for the best of its 1940 arsenal...
Austria
39 records :
14 |
15 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
3 |
The collapse of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire is one of the most famous of the numerous geo-political consequences of WW1. In 1914, Austria-Hungary is a weakened empire yet, living in the memories of its glorious past. A little alike, its Artillery is both powerful and a little behind some important countries for some characteristics.
The companies Skoda and Bohler dominate the country's ordnance industry and demonstrate a reknown know-how. They are designing some very efficient guns, some of them being even sold or lent to the powerful German ally. This is particularly true for the mountain guns, designed for the natural battlefield of Austria, and therefore ingeniously built to be mobile on difficult grounds and still powerful. This was also the case for the 305 and 380mm heavy mortars that were often helping their German friends on Eastern and Western battlefields.
But on the other hand, the Austrian Artilery designers were clinging to some obsolete standards, such as the manufacturing of gun barrels in bronze (a material they worked better than anyone else in the world), avantageously replaced in every other country by forged alloyed steel. They waited until late in the war to change their manufacturing habits. Some would even associate this relative technical backwardness to the weakness of Skoda in the export market before thye war...
10 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
Since its creation in 1830, the Belgium kingdom tries to have a neutral status. Nevertheless, it constitutes a small army whose mission is to defend the integrality of its territory. This neutral status comes with the disavantage of being obliged to be prepared to an invasion coming from any border (in this case, more probalbly from France or Germany), and with the advantage of receiving quickly the help of the other countries that garanteed its neutrality. This is the reason why Belgium gave so much care to its fortress artillery in the fortified positions of Liege, Namur and Antwerp.
Its industry (Fonderie Royale de Canons, and Cockerill) made alliances with the French Nordenfelt and the German Krupp for building Artillery pieces under licence. Ironically, a lot of the guns that fired on the invading German troops in August 1914 were... German !
Having lost most of its fieldguns during the retreat to the Yser river, the Belgium Army was rearmed mainly by France, with both modern or obsolete equipments.
It is also worth noticing the inventivity of some Belgian officers whose trench mortars (Van Deuren and Delattre) were adopted by the French Army awaiting for the the delivery of modern and efficient guns from the French industries and arsenals.
13 |
25 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
The experience gathered during the Boers Wars in South Africa at the end of the XIXth century was a major contribution to the British Army Artillery arsenal composition before WW1.
The Boers quick firing fieldguns, delivered by Krupp, were so superior to the British Breech Loading guns that London ordered in 1900 100 3 inches fieldguns from Rheinmetall (The 'Ehrardt gun'), whose study was at the base of the future QF 13 and 18 pounder guns, the principal British fieldguns on the WW1 western front battlefields. Moreover, the 120mm Krupp howitzers captured in South Africa demonstrated the interest of a Field Howitzer, future QF 4.5in howitzer. Also, the need for long range heavy guns for counter-battery the Boers artyllery incited the improvised assembly of available 4.7 inches naval barrels on wooden carriages, that will open the way to a whole generation of more sophisticated middle or heavy guns such as the 5in 60Pdr, who will have an important role duriing WW1.
One of the noticeable characteristics of the British artillery is in the continuous improvements that were applied after the guns were adopted, giving way to numerous 'marks' for each model, both for the carriage and the tube.
It is also intersting to note that some British guns (such as the QF 18-Pdr or the 5in 60Pdr) were used by the US Army in Europe, modified or not, built in USA under licence or not, during WW1. However they were slowly replaced by French guns, whose most celeb were the 75 mle 1897, the 155 mle 1917, and the 155mm GPF. The British guns obviously equipped the Australian, New-Zealand, Canadian and South African corps that were invoved in WW1.
France
208 records :
39 |
36 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
126 |
Even if some skeptics will argue forever, the mighty 75mm Mle 1897 introduced by French military technicians in the end of the XIXth century was really a revolution. That fieldgun apparition, including numerous innovations that would concurse to really earn the 'Quick Firing Gun' appellation, turned most of the other countries existing guns obsolete overnight.
But paradoxally, these qualities were very close to bring the defeat to France, since some decision makers, for both budgetary and military theory reasons, were inclined to declare that this single gun was able to fullfill all of the missions devoted to artillery, even the ones it has not been designed for. The first fight in 1914, and the beginning of the trenches war quickly demonstrated the urgent need for field howitzers and heavy howitzers, long range guns, and trench artillery.
Therefore, 1915 saw the improvised apparition of numerous weapons of these types, some coming from ancient wars, others from the export catalogs of the private industries (mainly Schneider and Saint Chamond), or even naval tubes adapted to land firing, while new guns were designed in the engineering departments. That design effort could be speeded-up by the existence of a whole range of remarkable artillery created by Schneider for Russia, that just needed minor modification to be adopted by France.
In 1916 and 1917, this new generation of modern guns and howitzer finally arrived, some of them for a very long career (such as the 155 C mle 1917, or the 155mm GPF). In the end of 1918, a second wave of new guns, designed for a movement war, was beginning to arrive to the front when the armistice came and ended the fightings. Most of the WW1 French artillery went back to service in June 1940, and a huge part of them were used by the IIIrd Reich on all the fronts, particularly on the fortified defences of the European coasts.
French guns were also sent by France to some of its allies in WW1, such as USA, Belgium, Serbia, Romania, etc...
Italy
10 records :
6 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Romania
3 records :
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Russia
23 records :
9 |
14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Serbia
4 records :
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Traditionally Allied to France (one of the many causes of the general crisis in August 1914), Serbia was a good customer of the Ordnance Companies Schneider and Saint Chamond. As a consequence, this little kingdom was equipped with modern guns at the war outbreak in 1914.
Most of the Serb artillery was lost during the dramatic December 1915 retreat, and the Army was afterwards re-equipped by France with available material, including guns that have been retired from the Frech Army units to improve standardization.
Turkey
20 records :
15 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
Introduction EN CONSTRUCTION
USA
39 records :
9 |
17 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
13 |
At the beginning of the XXth century, the USA are not yet the industrial power they will soon become. Particularly, the weapons industry is able to design and manufacture artillery equipments, but most of the time in collaboration with European manufacturers, or with slightly inferior properties. This gap is getting bigger from 1914, when the engineerings and industries of the fighting countries are running at full speed to design and manufacture new weapons at the state of the art.
When the USA join the war in 1917, it looks pretty clear to its allies that they will have to equip the ‘Doughboys’ with European artillery, to fill that gap. The initial deal plans that Great Britain will be providing heavy artillery material, while France will deliver field guns. Practically, things will not be as simple, with the USA enthusiastically adopting the best of the modern French heavy weapons (155mm C Schneider 1917, 155mm L Schneider 1917 and 155mm GPF), while complications arising in US manufacturers with the metric system used in the 75mm Mle 1897 fieldgun plans will induce the parallel production of guns derivated from the British 18-Pdr…
Some US-designed material were used too during the Western Front fights, but in limited quantities. The trench artillery material were all delivered by France.
This need to equip US Armies with existing modern artillery will have a fatal consequence on the ambitious 3in M1916 gun US project, whose difficult development was quasi-stopped by pragmatism.